Birefringent filter for use in a tunable pulsed laser cavity

ABSTRACT

A birefringent filter (&#34;BRF&#34;) unit, for use in the cavity of a tunable pulsed laser generating ultrashort pulses, including means for suppressing satellite pulses resulting from surface reflections. In one preferred embodiment, the inventive BRF has substantially parallel front and back surfaces, and is cut so that its optical axis is not parallel to its front surface. For example, the inventive BRF may be a quartz crystal having a thickness of 3 mm, with its optical axis oriented at an angle substantially equal to 50 degrees from the plane of its front surface. In a second preferred embodiment, the inventive BRF includes a relatively thick, non-birefringent component coupled with index matching material to a relatively thin birefringent component. In a third preferred embodiment, the inventive BRF includes a pair of thick birefringent components designed so that the ordinary ray of the first component becomes the extraordinary ray of the second component. In this third embodiment, the two components preferably have substantially equal birefringence N, and differ in thickness by an amount W chosen so that the overall optical phase shift induced by the inventive BRF is substantially equal to the optical phase shift induced by a conventional single-component BRF having thickness W and birefringence N.

This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 07/361,395, filed Jun. 5,1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,038,360.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to birefringent filters for use in tunable pulsedlasers. More particularly, the invention is a birefringent filter foruse in a tunable pulsed laser, permitting a broad oscillation frequencybandwidth while suppressing satellite pulses resulting from reflectionsfrom the birefringent filter's surfaces.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is conventional to employ a birefringent filter (sometimes denotedhereinafter as a "BRF") as a tuning element in a laser cavity. Forexample, U.S. Pat. No. 3,868,592, issued Feb. 25, 1975 to Yarborough, etal., teaches positioning a BRF in a laser cavity with the BRF's frontsurface oriented at the Brewster angle with respect to the incidentlaser beam. The BRF, so oriented, is intended to transmit only aselected primary frequency component of the laser beam (although, inpractice, other frequency components may also undesirably be transmittedthrough secondary transmission sidebands). In order to tune the laserbeam's frequency (i.e., to shift the frequency of the peak of the filtertransmission function), the BRF is rotated about the axis perpendicularto its front surface. U.S. Pat. No. 3,868,592 teaches that several"Brewster angle oriented" BRFs can be stacked together, in order tonarrow the frequency width of the filter while maintaining sufficientseparation between the successive orders of the filter to preventoscillation at more than one frequency.

In order to improve the amplitude ratio between the primary andsecondary sidebands of a BRF assembly, it has been proposed thatadditional Brewster surfaces be added by stacking several "Brewsterangle oriented" glass plates with one or more "Brewster angle oriented"BRFs. For example, see: Holtom, et al., "Design of a Birefringent Filterfor High-Power Dye Lasers," IEEE J. of Quantum Electronics, V. QE-10,No. 8, pp. 577-579 (1974); and Hodgkinson, et al., "Birefringent Filtersfor Tuning Flashlamp-Pumped Dye Lasers: Simplified Theory and Design,"Applied Optics, V. 17, No. 12, pp. 1944-1948 (1978).

However, we have recognized that when a conventional BRF assembly ispositioned in the cavity of a pulsed laser, reflections of the laserbeam from the front and rear surfaces of the assembly components resultin undesirable "satellite" pulses. Such satellite pulses have the same(or similar) frequency content as does the desired primary laser pulse,but are delayed relative to the primary pulse by integral multiples ofthe quantity t=2(T/c)(n_(eff) /cosine E), where T is the opticalcomponent thickness, n_(eff) is the optical component's effectiverefractive index, E is the internal angle between the propagation rayand the normal to the component's surface, and c is the speed of lightin a vacuum, in the case that the primary pulse width is less than theround trip travel time of the beam in the optical component.

The parasitic satellite pulse problem arises where conventionalassemblies of thin BRFs are used in tunable lasers for producing veryshort laser output pulses. To permit generation of very short outputpulses, a BRF assembly must have a broad oscillation frequencybandwidth. In order to achieve this broad spectral width characteristic,conventional BRF assemblies have employed thin birefringent componentsand thus have been subject to the parasitic satellite pulse problem.

We have recognized that the parasitic satellite pulse problem existseven where an attempt is made to orient conventional BRF assemblies atthe Brewster angle. Thus, where the conventional "Brewster angleoriented" BRF assembly is a conventional stack (including one or morethin BRFs and one or more glass plates), reflections from "Brewster"surfaces will result in undesirable satellite pulses.

Until the present invention, problem of undesired satellite pulses intunable lasers for producing short output pulses had neither beenappreciated nor solved. The present invention solves the satellite pulseproblem in tunable lasers by employing an optically thick BRF assemblyhaving a broad oscillation frequency bandwidth. The inventive BRFassembly permits generation of ultrashort pulses with a tunable laser,without undesired parasitic satellite pulses.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is a birefringent filter assembly (sometimes referred toherein as a "BRF") for use in the cavity of a tunable pulsed laserproducing ultrashort tunable pulses. In all embodiments, the inventiveBRF includes a means for suppressing satellite pulses resulting fromreflections from the BRF's surfaces (i.e., means for suppressingsatellite pulses resulting from "surface reflections").

In one preferred embodiment, the inventive BRF has substantiallyparallel front and back surfaces, and is cut so that its optical axis isnot parallel to its front surface. For example, the inventive BRF may bea quartz crystal having a thickness of 3 mm, with its optical axisoriented at an angle substantially equal to 50 degrees from the plane ofits front surface.

In a second preferred embodiment, the inventive BRF includes a thick,non-birefringent component coupled with index matching material to arelatively thinner birefringent component, or a thinner birefringentcomponent sandwiched between two relatively thicker non-birefringentcomponents.

In a third preferred embodiment, the inventive BRF includes a pair ofbirefringent components with thicknesses and relative opticalorientation chosen so that the ordinary ray of the first componentbecomes the extraordinary ray of the second component. In the thirdembodiment, the two components preferably have the same birefringence,and difference between their thicknesses is preferably equal to thethickness of an equivalent single-component BRF having the samebirefringence.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a simplified, side cross-sectional view of a pulsed laserincluding a first preferred embodiment of the inventive birefringentfilter.

FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a second preferred embodimentof the invention.

FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view of a third preferred embodiment ofthe invention.

Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments

FIG. 1 is a simplified, side cross-sectional view of a tunable pulsedlaser (identified by referenced numeral 14). A preferred embodiment ofthe inventive BRF is positioned in the laser's optical resonator cavity.The optical resonator cavity of pulsed laser 14 includes mirror 16,partially transmissive mirror 18, gain medium 20, and mode-lockingdevice 22. Mirror 16 preferably has maximal reflectivity at the laserwavelength. Mirror 18 preferably has high reflectivity, but is capableof transmitting a relatively small fraction of the laser radiationincident thereon. The laser output beam pulses propagate out (toward theright in FIG. 1) from the optical resonator cavity through mirror 18.Mode-locking device 22 may be of any conventional type, such as asaturable absorber.

BRF 10 is mounted within the resonator cavity along the laser beam path,for tuning the output frequency of laser 14 (i.e., for selecting anoscillating frequency bandwidth of radiation propagating in theresonator cavity). In FIG. 1, the laser beam path is horizontal. Frontsurface 9 and back surface 11 of BRF 10 are substantially parallel. Theangle, B, between the normal (A) to BRF 10's front surface 9 and thedirection of the radiation incident on surface 9, is preferably theBrewster angle. Of course, in the FIG. 1 system, the angle between thenormal to BRF 10's back surface 11 and the radiation incident on surface11 has the same magnitude as angle B.

The output beam frequency may be tuned by rotating BRF 10 about axis A,which axis is perpendicular to surface 9. As BRF 10 rotates about axisA, its front surface 9 remains oriented at angle B (preferably, theBrewster angle) with respect to the laser radiation propagatinghorizontally between resonator mirrors 16 and 18.

BRF 10 preferably is a piece of crystalline quartz (in contrast with apiece of fused quartz) of the type absorbing as little light aspossible. Typically, commercially available synthetic crystalline quartzwill absorb less light than will natural crystalline quartz.

BRF 10's thickness (the distance T in FIG. 1), birefringence (thedifference, denoted herein as N, between the BRF's ordinary andextraordinary refractive indices, which are associated with the BRF'sfast and slow axes respectively), and the angle between the incidenceplane and the plane containing the crystalline optic axis and theinternally refracted beam ray, determine the overall polarizationrotation that BRF 10 will induce in incident radiation.

It is contemplated that the pulsed output beam from laser 14 willconsist of a series of pulses. To generate pulses having duration on theorder of a picosecond or less, an effective intracavity bandwidth of onthe order of 10 cm⁻¹ is required. With a conventional intracavity BRF(having its optical axis parallel to its front surface, and havingtypical birefringence), this intracavity bandwidth requirement will besatisfied only if the thickness, T, of such conventional BRF is in therange from about 350 to 400 microns or less.

In practice, we have found that some radiation reflects from thesurfaces of an intracavity BRF, even when it is oriented at the Brewsterangle. With a conventional, thin (400 micron) intracavity BRF, the beamseparation in a picosecond (or sub-picosecond) pulsed laser resultingfrom walkoff at the Brewster angle between the main beam and theundesired subsequent reflections is only about 75 microns. Thisseparation is insufficient to prevent subsequent reflected beams frompropagating simultaneously and colinearly in the laser cavity. In thiscase, if the primary laser pulse has shorter duration than the roundtrip travel time in the BRF, one or more undesired "satellite" pulses(such as the pulse associated with secondary ray 15) will be emittedfrom the resonator cavity in addition to each primary laser pulse (suchas the pulse associated with primary ray 13). The satellite pulses occurwith frequency equal to the inverse round trip travel time in the BRF,so that the time between emission of successive satellite pulses will bet=2(T/c)(n_(eff) /cosine E), where T is the BRF thickness, n_(eff) isthe BRF's effective refractive index, E is the internal angle betweenthe propagation ray and the normal to the BRF surface, and c is thespeed of light in a vacuum.

In principle, the parasitic satellite pulse problem could be eliminatedby employing an extremely thin BRF (i.e., from 30 to 50 microns,depending on the effective refractive index), with an extremely highbirefringence (i.e., 0.1). Such a high birefringence is an order ofmagnitude greater than the birefringence of crystalline quartz (0.01).With such an extremely thin BRF, the satellite pulses would occursufficiently close in time to the primary pulse (i.e., within 30-40 fs)so that they are indistinguishable from the primary pulse for mostpractical purposes.

However, we have developed three different solutions to the parasiticsatellite pulse problem. We prefer any of these three solutions to useof an extremely thin BRF as described in the previous paragraph.

Intracavity BRF 10 of FIG. 1 represents a first preferred embodiment ofthe invention. BRF 10 has its optical axis D oriented at an angle F(greater than zero degrees) from the plane of its front surface 9. Bycutting BRF 10 with such an "inclined" optical axis D, the thickness Tof BRF 10 may be much greater than the thickness of a conventionalintracavity BRF (having optical axis parallel to its front surface)providing the same overall polarization rotation as does the inventiveBRF 10. For example, if BRF 10 is a quartz crystal oriented at theBrewster angle in the resonator cavity, BRF 10 may have a thickness Tsubstantially equal to 3 mm if the optical axis D of BRF 10 is orientedat an angle F substantially equal to 50 degrees from the plane of itsfront surface.

In each variation of the first preferred embodiment, the optical axisinclination angle F and thickness T of BRF 10 should be chosen so thatsurface reflections from BRF 10 will be sufficiently spatially separatedby beam walkoff with respect to the primary laser beam to avoidsatellite pulse oscillation within the resonator cavity and emissionfrom the resonator cavity. Consistent with the criterion set forth inthe preceding sentence, where the inventive BRF 10 is composed ofcrystalline quartz and is intended for use with a picosecond (orsub-picosecond) pulsed laser, the thickness T of BRF 10 should besubstantially greater than 400 microns (and preferably should be atleast several millimeters).

The second preferred embodiment will next be described with reference toFIG. 2. BRF 100 in FIG. 2 may be substituted for BRF 10 in FIG. 1. BRF100 includes thick, non-birefringent components 34 and 36, and arelatively thinner birefringent component 30. Components 30, 34, and 36have matching (or nearly matched) refractive indices, and are bondedtogether with index matching material 32 and 33. Index matching material32 and 33 preferably has refractive index substantially equal to theaverage of the ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices ofcomponent 30.

In each variation of the FIG. 2 embodiment, the thickness of BRF 100should be chosen so that surface reflections from BRF 100 will besufficiently spatially separated by beam walkoff with respect to theprimary laser beam to avoid satellite pulse oscillation within theresonator cavity and emission from the resonator cavity in which BRF 100is to be installed. Consistent with the criterion set forth in thepreceding sentence, where component 30 is composed of crystalline quartzand BRF 100 is to be installed in the resonator cavity of a picosecond(or sub-picosecond) pulsed laser, the overall thickness T' of BRF 100should be substantially greater than 400 microns.

The third preferred embodiment of the invention will next be describedwith reference to FIG. 3. Inventive BRF 200 (shown in FIG. 3) may besubstituted for BRF 10 (shown in FIG. 1). BRF 200 includes a pair ofthick birefringent members 50 and 54. Preferably, members 50 and 54 havesubstantially the same birefringence, N, and (ordinary) refractiveindex, n. The birefringence, N, is the difference between the ordinaryand extraordinary refractive indices of the birefringent members. Forexample, in a preferred embodiment, members 50 and 54 are cut or formedfrom identical material, and are bonded together with a thin layer ofindex matching material 5 (or optically contacted, without such indexmatching material).

Members 50 and 54 have thicknesses L and M, respectively, and thethickness of layer 52 is negligible relative to both L and M.Thicknesses L and M are chosen (and members 50 and 54 are connectedtogether with appropriate relative optical orientation) so that, whenradiation is incident at end surface 51 of component 50, the ordinaryray (at surface 51) of such incident radiation becomes the extraordinaryray (incident at member 54) after the radiation has propagated throughmember 50 and layer 52. The ordinary axes of members 50 and 54 must besubstantially orthogonal in order to achieve the described opticalcharacteristic.

In order for BRF 200 to provide the same overall polarization rotationas a conventional BRF of thickness W and birefringence N, thicknesses Land M should be chosen so that the difference L minus M is equal to W(i.e., so that L-M =W). In each variation of the FIG. 3 embodiment, theoverall thickness of BRF 200 should be chosen so that surfacereflections from BRF 200 will be sufficiently spatially separated withrespect to the primary laser beam to avoid satellite pulse oscillationwithin the resonator cavity in which BRF 200 is to be installed andemission from the resonator cavity in which BRF 200 is to be installed.Consistent with the criterion set forth in the preceding sentence, wheremembers 50 and 54 are composed of crystalline quartz and BRF 200 is tobe installed in the resonator cavity of a picosecond (or sub-picosecond)pulsed laser, the overall thickness of BRF 200 (i.e., thickness L plusthickness M plus the thickness of layer 52) should be substantiallygreater than 400 microns.

Index matching material 52 preferably has refractive index substantiallyequal to the average of the ordinary and extraordinary indices ofmembers 50 and 54.

As noted above, the composite BRF 200 provides the same overallpolarization rotation as a conventional BRF of thickness W (L-M).Similarly, the composite BRF 100 provides the same overall polarizationrotation as the intermediate, conventional BRF element 30. Stateddifferently, and for the more general case, the net birefringence of thecomposite BRF 100 and 200 is the same as the net birefringence producedby element 30 (for the FIG. 2 embodiment) or a BRF of thickness W (forthe FIG. 3 embodiment). Net birefringence is defined as thebirefringence per unit length, multiplied by the length of the element.

Various modifications and alterations in the structure and method ofoperation of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. Althoughthe invention has been described in connection with specific preferredembodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimedshould not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments.

What is claimed is:
 1. A tunable laser having a primary laser beampropagating within a resonant cavity comprising:a composite birefringentfilter positioned in the resonant cavity for selecting an oscillatingfrequency bandwidth of radiation from the primary laser beam propagatingin the resonant cavity, said composite filter including a block ofbirefringent material, said filter further including a transmissivemember optically connected to said block of birefringent material, saidtransmissive member being configured such that the net birefringencecreated by the composite filter is less than it would be for a filtercomposed only of said birefringent material and having an opticalthickness equal to the composite filter whereby surface reflections fromthe composite filter will be sufficiently spatially separated by beamwalkoff with respect to the primary laser beam to suppress interferenceeffects within the resonant cavity.
 2. A laser as recited in claim 1further including an index matching material interposed between saidblock of birefringent material and said transmissive member.
 3. A laseras recited in claim 1 wherein said transmissive member is formed from amaterial which is substantially non-birefringent.
 4. A laser as recitedin claim 3 wherein the optical thickness of said transmissive materialis greater than the thickness of said block of birefringent material. 5.A laser as recited in claim 3 wherein the refractive index of saidtransmissive member is substantially equal to the ordinary refractiveindex of the birefringent material.
 6. A laser as recited in claim 3wherein said composite filter further includes a second transmissivemember optically connected to said block of birefringent material withsaid block being interposed between the two transmissive members.
 7. Alaser as recited in claim 1 wherein said transmissive member is formedfrom a birefringent material oriented in a manner such that an ordinaryray entering said block of birefringent material will be anextraordinary ray upon entering the transmissive member.
 8. A laser asrecited in claim 7 wherein the birefringence N of both the block ofbirefringent material and the transmissive member are the same and thenet bireringence of the composite is defined by the difference inthickness between the block of birefringent material and thetransmissive element.
 9. A tunable laser having a primary laser beampropagating in the resonant cavity comprising:a composite birefringentfilter positioned in the resonant cavity for selecting an oscillatingfrequency bandwidth of radiation propagating in the resonant cavity,said composite filter including a block of birefringent material, saidfilter further including a transmissive member optically connected tosaid block of birefringent material, said transmissive member beingconfigured such that the net birefringence created by the compositefilter is not greater than the net birefringence of the birefringentmaterial alone, whereby surface reflections from the composite filterwill be sufficiently spatially separated by beam walkoff with respect tothe primary laser beam to suppress interference effects within theresonant cavity.
 10. A laser as recited in claim 9 further including anindex matching material interposed between said block of birefringentmaterial and said transmissive member.
 11. A laser as recited in claim 9wherein said transmissive member is formed from a material which issubstantially non-birefringent.
 12. A laser as recited in claim 11wherein the optical thickness of said transmissive material is greaterthan the thickness of said block of birefringent material.
 13. A laseras recited in claim 11 wherein the refractive index of said transmissivemember is substantially equal to the ordinary refractive index of thebirefringent material.
 14. A laser as recited in claim 11 wherein saidcomposite filter further includes a second transmissive member opticallyconnected to said block of birefringent material with said block beinginterposed between the two transmissive members.
 15. A laser as recitedin claim 9 wherein said transmissive member is formed from abirefringent material oriented in a manner such that an ordinary rayentering said block of birefringent material will be an extraordinaryray upon entering the transmissive member.
 16. A laser as recited inclaim 15 wherein the birefringence N of both the block of birefringentmaterial and the transmissive member are the same and the netbirefringence created by the composite is defined by the difference inthickness between the block of birefringent material and thetransmissive element.